Enneaegse sünnituse ja enneaegse vastsündinu perinataalperioodi käsitlus

Antenataalne periood

1		Ähvardava enneaegse sünnituse diagnoosimise korral soovitame teha rasedale emakakaela pikkuse hindamiseks transvaginaalse ultraheliuuringu. Kui emakakaela avatus ei ole sel viisil hinnatav, võib kasutada digitaalset palpatsiooni.
2		Kui ähvardava enneaegse sünnituse sümptomitega naisel enne 35+0 gestatsiooninädalat  on  transvaginaalsel  ultraheliuuringul  emakakaela pikkus 15 mm või lühem, soovitame tokolüüsi ja loote kopsude ettevalmistust glükokortikosteroidiga (GKS).
3		Lootevee enneaegse puhkemise kahtluse korral, kui lootevee eritumine ei visualiseeru, soovitame teha rasedale testi tupesekreedist: insuliinisarnast kasvufaktorit siduva proteiin 1 (Vag-IGFBP-1) või platsenta alfa-1- mikroglobuliini (PAMG-1) määramiseks tupekaapest.

4		Suunake ähvardava enneaegse sünnituse sümptomitega rase vastavate ravivõimalustega kõrgema etapi keskusesse.
5		Ähvardava enneaegse sünnituse korral eelistage üsasisest transporti järgmiselt: raseduskestuse  korral  34+0–36+6    GN-i,  kui  haiglas  puudub  lastearsti ööpäevaringne  valve,  vastav  aparatuur  ja  pädev  personal  enneaegse vastsündinu abistamiseks, transportida patsient keskhaiglasse või piirkondlikul tasemel sünnitusabi osutavasse haiglasse; vähem kui 33+6 GN-i kestnud raseduse korral transportida patsient üldhaiglatest ja maakondade keskhaiglatest (v.a  Tallinn) piirkondlikul tasemel sünnitusabi osutavasse haiglasse; vähem  kui  30+0 GN-i kestnud raseduse korral Tallinnas transportida patsient ühte piirkondlikul tasemel sünnitusabi osutavasse haiglasse.

6		Ähvardava enneaegse sünnituse korral, kui rasedus on kestnud 22+0–22+6 GN- i, soovitame ema ja lapse parema ravitulemi saamiseks üsasisest transporti keskusesse.
7		Ähvardava enneaegse sünnituse korral, kui rasedus on kestnud 23+0–23+6 GN- i, rakendage ema ja lapse parema ravitulemi saamiseks üsasisest transporti keskusesse.
8		Ähvardava enneaegse sünnituse korral, kui rasedus on kestnud 22+0–22+6 GN-i,  soovitame  lapse  parema  ravitulemi  saamiseks  antenataalset  kopsude ettevalmistust GKS-iga.
9		Ähvardava enneaegse sünnituse korral, kui rasedus on kestnud 23+0–23+6 GN- i,  rakendage  lapse  parema  ravitulemi  saamiseks  antenataalset  kopsude ettevalmistust GKS-iga.
10		Ähvardava enneaegse sünnituse korral, kui rasedus on kestnud 22+0–23+6 GN-i, soovitame lapse parema ravitulemi saamiseks rakendada tokolüüsi.
11		Ähvardava enneaegse sünnituse korral, kui rasedus on kestnud 22+0–23+6 GN-i,    soovitame      lapse      parema      ravitulemi      saamiseks      neuroprotektsiooni magneesiumsulfaadiga.
12		Ähvardava enneaegse sünnituse korral, kui rasedus on kestnud 22+0–22+6 GN-i, ärge tehke keisrilõiget lootepoolsete näidustuste tõttu.
13		Ähvardava enneaegse sünnituse korral, kui rasedus on kestnud 23+0–23+6 GN-i, ärge pigem tehke keisrilõiget lootepoolsete näidustuste tõttu.

14		Ähvardava enneaegse sünnituse korral, kui rasedus on kestnud 23+0–34+6 GN-i,    kasutage      lapse     parema     ravitulemi      saamiseks      antenataalset      kopsude ettevalmistust GKS-iga.
15		Ähvardava enneaegse sünnituse korral, kui rasedus on kestnud 22+0–22+6 GN- i,  soovitame  lapse  parema  ravitulemi  saamiseks  antenataalset  kopsude ettevalmistust GKS-iga.
16		Antenataalseks loote kopsude ettevalmistuseks kasutage beetametasooni või deksametasooni. Annustamine: lihasesisesi beetametasoon12 mg  2 annust 24-tunnise intervalliga või deksametasoon 6 mg 4 annust 12-tunnise intervalliga.
17		Rasedal, kes on saanud GKS-i esialgse kuuri seitse või enam päeva tagasi, kuid kellel endiselt esineb enneaegse sünnituse risk enne 35+0 GN-i, soovitame manustada ühe GKS-i lisaannuse.

18		Ähvardava enneaegse sünnituse korral, kui rasedus on kestnud 24+0–31+6 GN-i, kasutage rasedal loote neuroprotektsiooniks magneesiumsulfaati.
19		Ähvardava enneaegse sünnituse korral, kui rasedus on kestnud 32+0–33+6 GN-i, soovitame kasutada rasedal loote neuroprotektsiooniks magneesiumsulfaati.
20		Soovitame kasutada loote neuroprotektiivset ravi, kui sünnitus toimub tõenäoliselt järgmise 24 tunni jooksul ja hiljemalt 4 tundi enne planeeritavat sünnitust. Annustamine: veenisisesi 4–6 g magneesiumsulfaati boolusena 20–30 minuti jooksul ja edasi 1 g tunnis kuni sünnituseni maksimaalselt 24 tunni jooksul. Vt lisa 3.
21		Soovitame rasedale magneesiumsulfaadi korduvat manustamist, kui sünnitus ei toimu 24 tunni jooksul pärast ravi alustamist ja enneaegse sünnituse oht tekib uuesti enne 34+0 GN-i.

22		Ähvardava  ja/või  käigusoleva  enneaegse  sünnituse  korral  soovitame  teha rasedal uriinikülvi.
23		Ähvardava ja/või käigusoleva enneaegse sünnituse korral võtke rasedalt B- grupi streptokoki (GBS) analüüs tupe alumisest kolmandikust, kaaluge kiirtesti tegemist.
24		Ähvardava ja/või käigusoleva enneaegse sünnituse korral ei ole vaja teha rasedal rutiinselt külvi emakakaelast.

25		Lootevee enneaegse puhkemiseta, bakteriaalse infektsiooni kliiniliste tunnusteta ähvardava enneaegse sünnituse korral ärge alustage rasedal antibakteriaalset ravi.
26		Lootevee  enneaegse  puhkemisega  ähvardava  enneaegse  sünnituse  korral alustage   antibakteriaalset   ravi   erütromütsiiniga,   selle   puudumise   korral kasutage penitsilliini. Penitsilliiniallergia puhul kasutage klindamütsiini.
27		Koorionamnioniidi puhul alustage antibakteriaalset ravi laia toimespektriga antibiootikumiga, rasedust prolongeerimata.
28		Vältige rasedal amoksitsilliini-klavulaanhappe  kasutamist vastsündinu nekrotiseeriva enterokoliidi suurenenud riski tõttu.
29		GBS-i kandluse või teadmata GBS-staatuse korral alustage enneaegse sünnituse ajal rasedal veenisisest profülaktilist antibakteriaalset ravi bensüülpenitsilliiniga.

Intranataalne periood

30		Ärge tehke keisrilõiget, kui selle ainus näidustus on enneaegsus.
31		Enneaegse sünnituse korral lähtuge sünnitusviisi valiku  individuaalselt sünnitusabialastest ning loote- ja emapoolsetest näidustustest.
32		Enneaegse sünnituse korral, kui rasedus on kestnud vähemalt 24+0 GN-i ja kui loode on tuharseisus, kaaluge keisrilõike tegemist.
33		Enneaegse kaksiksünnituse korral, kui esimene kaksik on peaseisus, eelistage soovitatavalt vaginaalset sünnitust.
34		Enam kui kahe loote korral soovitame keisrilõiget.

35	Episiotoomia ei ole enneaegse sünnituse korral rutiinselt näidustatud.

36

Lootevee enneaegse puhkemisega ähvardava enneaegse sünnituse korral, kui rasedus on kestnud kuni 34+0 GN-i, soovitame rasedust prolongeerida, kui ei esine kliinilist koorionamnioniiti.

37		Ähvardava enneaegse sünnituse korral kasutage tokolüüsi kuni 48 tundi loote kopsude ettevalmistuse, neuroprotektsiooni ja transpordi eesmärgil.
38		Ärge kasutage tokolüüsi üle 48 tunni.
39		Ärge kasutage tokolüüsi järgmistes olukordades, kus raseduse prolongeerimine ei ole soovitatav: surnud loode, loote eluks sobimatu väärarend, loote hüpoksia, mis vajab kohest sekkumist, äge verejooks ja/või ema ebastabiilne hemodünaamika, raske preeklampsia, platsenta irdumine, koorionamnioniit.
40		Kasutage tokolüüsiks valikravimina nifedipiini, kui puuduvad vastunäidustused selle ravimi kasutamiseks. Vt lisa 5.
41		Kui nifedipiini kasutamine on vastunäidustatud, võib alternatiivselt kasutada beetamimeetikumi (heksoprenaliin), tsüklooksügenaasi inhibiitorit (indometatsiin), oksütotsiini retseptori antagonisti (atosibaan). Vt lisa 5.

42		Pärast lapse sündi oodake nabaväädi klemmimisega 30–120 sekundit.
43		Ärge oodake nabaväädi hilise klemmimisega enneaegsel vastsündinul, kes vajab kohe elupäästvaid tegevusi.
44		Alternatiivina nabaväädi hilisele klemmimisele soovitame enneaegsel vastsündinul nabavääti lüpsta 3–4 korda.

Enneaegse vastsündinu postnataalne periood

45

Tagage enneaegsel vastsündinul seisundi esmase stabiliseerimise käigus normotermia.

46		Enneaegsel vastsündinul, kes on sündinud enne 30+0  GN-i  ja kellel on respiratoorse distressi sündroomi (RDS-i) kujunemise risk, kasutage seisundi esmasel stabiliseerimisel mitteinvasiivset hingamistoetust (CPAP, NIV).
47		Enneaegse vastsündinu seisundi esmasel stabiliseerimisel kasutage võimaluse korral kontrollitud rõhuga hingamistoetust (Neopuff või muu T-kontuur).
48		Spontaanhingamisel oleva enneaegse vastsündinu seisundi esmasel stabiliseerimisel kasutage CPAP-ravi korral hingamisteedes pidevat positiivset ekspiratoorset lõpprõhku 5–6 cm H2O.
49		Enneaegse vastsündinu seisundi esmasel stabiliseerimisel kontrollitud rõhuga ventileerimisel soovitame inspiratoorset tipprõhku (PIP) 20–25 cm H2O.
50		Enneaegse vastsündinu seisundi esmasel stabiliseerimisel vältige pikendatud sissehingamisaja (SI) kasutamist.

51

Esmase hingamistoetuse rakendamisel enneaegsel vastsündinul, kes on sündinud enne 35+0 GN-i, soovitame alustada ruumiõhu või hapniku väikse kontsentratsiooniga (FiO2 0,21–0,3), edasi tiitrida hapniku kontsentratsiooni, lähtudes preduktaalse saturatsiooni väärtustest.

52		Enne  32+0   GN-i  sündinud  enneaegsel  vastsündinul  soovitame  hapnikravi kasutamisel   hoida   saturatsiooni   (SpO2)   väärtused   90–95%   juures   kuni postmenstruaalvanuseni 36 nädalat.
53		Pärast 32+0 GN-i sündinud enneaegsel  vastsündinul soovitame hoida hapnikravi kasutamisel SpO2 väärtused 90–95% juures.
54		Enneaegse vastsündinu saturatsiooniväärtuse jälgimiseks võib kasutada FiO2- SpO2 automaatse korrigeerimise aparatuuri.

55

Enneaegse vastsündinu seisundi esmasel stabiliseerimisel hinnake vereringet kompleksselt järgmiste näitajate alusel: jume, kapillaartäitumus, südamelöögisagedus, keskmine vererõhk, diurees, happe-aluse tasakaal, laktaat.

56		Ärge kasutage rutiinselt enneaegsel vastsündinul, kelle sünnikaal on alla 1500 g, ringleva veremahu asendust ja/või vasoaktiivset ravi.
57		Vereringehäirega enneaegse vastsündinu ravis lähtuge hüpoperfusiooni/hüpotensiooni etioloogiast. Vt lisa 6.
58		Enneaegse vastsündinu hüpotensiooni/hüpoperfusiooni, mille põhjus on verekaotus või hüpovoleemia, ravige  esmalt  ringleva  veremahu  täitmisega 10 ml/kg, vajaduse järgi võib sama annust korrata.
59		Enneaegsel vastsündinul soovitame sepsisest tingitud või teadmata põhjusega hüpotensiooni/hüpoperfusiooni korral alustada inotroopset ravi dopamiiniga.
60		Enneaegsel vastsündinul müokardi düsfunktsioonist ja/või perifeerse vaskulaarse resistentsuse suurenemisest tingitud hüpotensiooni/hüpoperfusiooni korral alustage inotroopset ravi dobutamiiniga. Vajaduse korral lisage dopamiin tiitritud annuses, kolmanda valikuna võib kasutada adrenaliini. Vt lisa 6.​
61		Enneaegsel vastsündinul soovitame vedelik- ja ravimrefraktaarse hüpotensiooni korral kasutada hüdrokortisooni. Vt lisa 6.
62		Enneaegsel vastsündinul pigem mitte kasutada hüpotensiooni raviks milrinooni.

63		Ärge kasutage profülaktilist surfaktantravi kõikidel enneaegsetel vastsündinutel.
64		Kasutage profülaktilist surfaktantravi raseduskestuse korral 22+0–27+6 GN-i sündinud enneaegsel vastsündinul, kes vajab seisundi esmase stabiliseerimise käigus intubatsiooni.

65		Kasutage RDS-iga enneaegsel vastsündinul eelistatult varast surfaktantravi. Manustage surfaktanti enne 26+0 GN-i sündinud RDS-iga enneaegsele vastsündinule, kui FiO2 on üle 0,3; ja pärast 26+0 sündinud RDS-iga enneaegsele vastsündinule, kui FiO2 on üle 0,4.
66		Eelistage surfaktandi manustamisel vähem invasiivseid surfaktandi manustamise meetodeid (INSURE/LISA). Tehke kliiniline otsus konkreetse enneaegse vastsündinu seisundist lähtudes.
67		Kasutage RDS-iga enneaegsel vastsündinul eelistatult naturaalset surfaktanti.
68		Eelistage võimalikult kontsentreeritud surfaktandipreparaati (poraktant alfa). Annustamine: poraktant alfa algannus 200 mg/kg, korduv annus 100 mg/kg.
69		Kui RDS on raske kuluga ning püsib oluline lisahapniku ja/või invasiivse hingamistoetuse vajadus, on näidustatud surfaktandi korduv manustamine intervalliga vähemalt 6 tundi kokku mitte rohkem kui 3 annust.

70

Alustage varast CPAP-ravi raseduskestuse korral kuni 30+0  GN-i sündinud enneaegsel vastsündinul, kellel on hingamishäire ja kes ei vaja invasiivset hingamistoetust.

71		Võimaluse korral vältige enneaegse vastsündinu varast sünnijärgset transporti.
72		Enneaegse vastsündinu meditsiiniliseks transpordiks kasutage sellele spetsialiseerunud meeskonda.

73		Enneaegsel vastsündinul sünnikaaluga alla 1500 g, keda ei ole võimalik toita piisavas  mahus  enteraalselt,  soovitame  alustada  parenteraalse  toitmisega esimesel elupäeval, soovitatavalt esimestel elutundidel.
74		Enneaegsel vastsündinul sünnikaaluga alla 1500 g soovitame glükoosi infusiooni alustada 4–8 mg/kg minutis (5,8–11,5 g/kg päevas) ja edaspidi juhinduda vere glükoosisisalduse jälgimisest.
75		Enneaegsel vastsündinul sünnikaaluga alla 1500 g soovitame alustada aminohapete lahuste manustamist võimalikult kiiresti sünni järel, hiljemalt 24 tunni vanuselt. Ohutu on alustada aminohapete pakkumist 2–2,5 g/kg päevas, suurendades järgnevatel päevadel valgukogust kuni annuseni 3,5 g/kg päevas.
76		Enneaegsel vastsündinul sünnikaaluga alla 1500 g soovitame alustada aminohapete lahuste manustamist võimalikult kiiresti sünni järel, hiljemalt 24 tunni vanuselt. Ohutu on alustada aminohapete pakkumist 2–2,5 g/kg päevas, suurendades järgnevatel päevadel valgukogust kuni annuseni 3,5 g/kg päevas.
77		Enneaegsel vastsündinul sünnikaaluga alla 1500 g soovitame alustada lipiidide manustamist esimesel elupäeval. Soovitatav algannus on 1,0 g/kg päevas, edaspidi suurendada taluvuse korral lipiidide kogust annuseni 3,0 g/kg päevas.
78		Enneaegsel vastsündinul sünnikaaluga alla 1500 g soovitame niisutatud kuvöösi tingimustes alustada vedeliku pakkumisega 70–80 ml/kg päevas. Enne 28+0 GN-i sündinud enneaegsed vastsündinud võivad vajada rohkem vedelikku.
79		Enneaegsel vastsündinul sünnikaaluga alla 1500 g korrigeerige vedeliku pakkumist individuaalselt, arvestades seerumi naatriumikontsentratsiooni ja kaalulangust.
80		Enneaegsel vastsündinul sünnikaaluga alla 1500 g soovitame esimestel elupäevadel naatriumi pakkumist piirata, alustades sellega pärast diureesi vallandumist ning jälgides vedelikubilanssi ja elektrolüütide taset.

81		Enneaegsel vastsündinul alustage enteraalset toitmist võimaluse korral oma ema rinnapiimaga, selle puudumisel doonoripiimaga, ema rinnapiima ja doonoripiima puudumisel enneaegsete piimaseguga.
82		Enne  28+0   GN-i  sündinud  enneaegsel  vastsündinul  alustage  minimaalset enteraalset      toitmist     esimesel      elupäeval     võimalikult      vara,     soovitatavalt esimestel elutundidel. Sobiv kogus on 0,5–2,0 ml/kg tunnis või ühel toidukorral 1 ml/kg iga 2–3 tunni järel.
83		Enneaegse vastsündinu enteraalse toitmise taluvuse korral suurendage toidu kogust 10–30 ml/kg ööpäevas.
84		Enneaegse vastsündinu boolusena toitmise korral suurendage toidukogust 1 ml/kg 8–12 tunni järel.
85		Enneaegse vastsündinu pideva toitmise korral suurendage toidukogust 0,5–1,0 ml/kg 8–12 tunni järel.
86		Rinnapiima rikastamist soovitame alates toidukogusest 100 ml/kg ööpäevas.
87		Enne  32+0   GN-i  sündinud  enneaegsel  vastsündinul  tagage  täisenteraalsel toitmisel  energiavajadus  110–130  kcal/kg  ööpäevas  ja  valguvajadus  3,0–4,5 g/kg ööpäevas.

88		Enneaegsel vastsündinul kasutage kofeiinravi apnoe raviks ja invasiivsest hingamistoetusest võõrutamiseks.
89		Kofeiinravi soovitame kasutada enneaegsel vastsündinul, kelle sünnikaal on alla 1250 g ja kes on mitteinvasiivsel hingamistoetusel või kellel on muu suurenenud risk invasiivse hingamistoetuse vajaduse tekkeks.
90		Kofeiintsitraadi annustamine: veenisisesi või suu kaudu on küllastusannus 20 mg/kg ööpäevas ja säilitusannus 5–10 mg/kg ööpäevas ühekordse annusena.
91		Periekstubatsiooniperioodil  soovitame  kasutada  kofeiintsitraadi  suuremaid annuseid. Annustamine: veenisisesi või suu kaudu küllastusannus kuni 80 mg/kg ööpäevas, säilitusannus 20 mg/kg ööpäevas ühekordse annusena.

92		Ärge kasutage enneaegsel vastsündinul mittesteroidset põletikuvastast ravi (ibuprofeen, indometatsiin) avatud arterioosjuha (PDA) ennetamiseks.
93		Ärge forsseerige enneaegsel vastsündinul diureesi (furosemiid, teofülliin) PDA ennetamiseks.
94		Ärge piirake PDA ennetamiseks enneaegsel vastsündinul vedeliku manustamist alla tema füsioloogilise vajaduse.
95		Pärast 28+0 GN-i sündinud enneaegsel vastsündinul soovitame teha ehhoKG kliinilise näidustuse korral.
96		Pärast 28+0  GN-i sündinud enneaegsel vastsündinul soovitame teha ehhoKG kliinilise näidustuse korral.

97

Enne  28+0   GN-i  sündinud  enneaegsel  vastsündinul  soovitame  PDA  varast eesmärgistatud ravi, lähtudes ehhoKG leiust.

98		Infektsiooni riskiteguritega enneaegsel vastsündinul soovitame kasutada profülaktilist antibakteriaalset ravi. Vt lisa 11.
99		Kasutage enneaegsel  vastsündinul  empiirilise  antibakteriaalse  ravi esmavalikuna penitsilliini (bensüülpenitsilliin või ampitsilliin) ja gentamütsiini kombinatsiooni, kui kohaliku mikrobioloogilise seire tulemusel ei ole tuvastatud resistentsust, mis nõuab muu antibiootikumi kasutamist.
100		Lõpetage enneaegse vastsündinu empiiriline antibakteriaalne ravi 48–72 tunni pärast, kui puudub infektsioonile viitav kliiniline ja laboratoorne leid ning bakteriaalsed külvid on negatiivsed.

101		Kohandage individuaalselt enneaegse vastsündinu hoolitsust ja ravi, soodustades tema arengut ning kaasates, arvestades ja toetades peret.
102		Tagage perele optimaalsed tingimused perekeskseks raviks (piiramata juurdepääs lapsele, vanemate ja personali koostöö, võimaluse korral perepalat, psühhosotsiaalne tugi).
103		Enneaegsel vastsündinul alustage vaginaalse sünnituse ja keisrilõike järel nahk naha kontakti ema või isaga kohe pärast seisundi esmast stabilisatsiooni, kui vastsündinu seisund seda võimaldab.
104		Soodustage  nahk  naha  kontakti  kogu  haiglaravi  jooksul,  CPAP-ravi  ja invasiivne hingamistoetus ei ole nahk naha kontakti vastunäidustuseks.
105		Nahk naha kontakti soovitame kestusega vähemalt üks tund korraga.
106		Enneaegsel vastsündinul viige valulike vahelesegamiste arv miinimumini, kasutage valu ja stressi leevendamiseks mittefarmakoloogilisi võtteid.

Enneaegse sünnituse diagnostika (vt EvSu K1)

1		Ähvardava enneaegse sünnituse diagnoosimise korral soovitame teha rasedale emakakaela pikkuse hindamiseks transvaginaalse ultraheliuuringu. Kui emakakaela avatus ei ole sel viisil hinnatav, võib kasutada digitaalset palpatsiooni.
2		Kui    ähvardava      enneaegse      sünnituse      sümptomitega      naisel     enne     35+0 gestatsiooninädalat  (GN)  on  transvaginaalsel  ultraheliuuringul emakakaela pikkus 15 mm või lühem, soovitame tokolüüsi ja loote kopsude ettevalmistust glükokortikosteroidiga (GKS).
3		Lootevee enneaegse puhkemise kahtluse korral, kui lootevee eritumine ei visualiseeru, soovitame teha rasedale testi tupesekreedist: insuliinisarnast kasvufaktorit siduva proteiin 1 (Vag-IGFBP-1) või platsenta alfa-1- mikroglobuliini (PAMG-1) määramiseks tupekaapest.

Sünnitusviisi valik (vt EvSu K8)

30		Ärge tehke keisrilõiget, kui selle ainus näidustus on enneaegsus.
31		Enneaegse sünnituse korral lähtuge sünnitusviisi valiku  individuaalselt sünnitusabialastest ning loote- ja emapoolsetest näidustustest.
32		Enneaegse sünnituse korral, kui rasedus on kestnud vähemalt 24+0 GN-i ja kui loode on tuharseisus, kaaluge keisrilõike tegemist.
33		Enneaegse kaksiksünnituse korral, kui esimene kaksik on peaseisus, eelistage soovitatavalt vaginaalset sünnitust.
34		Enam kui kahe loote korral soovitame keisrilõiget.

Ravijuhendites on soovitatud sünnitusviisi valikul individuaalset lähenemist ning otsuse tegemist koos vanematega, neid eelnevalt kõigist riskidest ja kasust informeerides (9, 10, 79).

Enneaegse vastsündinu kehatemperatuuri kontroll (vt EvSu K13) 

45

Tagage  enneaegsel  vastsündinul  seisundi  esmase  stabiliseerimise  käigus normotermia.

Normotermiat on uuritud ja sellekohaseid artikleid avaldatud juba 1960. aastatel. Sel teemal on poole sajandi jooksul tehtud palju randomiseeritud kontrollitud ja vaatlusuuringuid. Samas pole viimasel kümnendil normotermia kohta avaldatud süstemaatilisi ülevaateid ega metaanalüüse. Soovituste koostamisel on aluseks võetud kvaliteetsed ravijuhendid, materjale on täiendatud kohort- ja läbilõikeuuringutega.
Normotermia tagamine vähendab neonataalsete surmade ja haigestumiste arvu (IVH, PDA sulgemise vajadus, kopsuverejooks, hiline sepsis), seda eriti sügavalt enneaegsete laste hulgas (122, 123, 124). Kõikidel vastsündinutel tuleks tagada kehatemperatuur vahemikus 36,5–37,5 °C (14).

Kehatemperatuuri peab korrektselt jälgima seisundi esmase stabiliseerimise ja protseduuride (surfaktandi manustamine, intubatsioon, veenitee rajamine) tegemise ajal, et vältida hüpertermiat (14). Iatrogeense hüpertermia kaugtulemi kohta andmed puuduvad ning vajalikud on põhjalikumad sellekohased uuringud.
​
Elustamisjuhendites (117,125) on normotermia tagamine tugev soovitus. Normotermia tagamiseks tuleb kasutada soojendatud ja niisutatud hingamisgaase, tõsta toatemperatuuri, kasutada radiatsioonsoojendust (lamp, madrats), plastkotte või kinnikatvaid kilesid ning vältida lapse eelnevat kuivatamist (14, 29, 117, 125).

 

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252. Schmidt B, Anderson PJ, Doyle LW, Dewey D, Grunau RE, Asztalos EV, et al. Survival without disability to age 5 years after neonatal caffeine therapy for apnea of prematurity. JAMA. 2012 Jan 18;307(3):275–82.

253. Davis PG, Schmidt B, Roberts RS, Doyle LW, Asztalos E, Haslam R, et al. Caffeine for Apnea of Prematurity trial: benefits may vary in subgroups. J Pediatr. 2010 Mar;156(3):382–7.

254. Doyle LW, Cheong J, Hunt RW, Lee KJ, Thompson DK, Davis PG, et al. Caffeine and brain development in very preterm infants. Ann Neurol. 2010 Nov;68(5):734–42.

255. Charles BG, Townsend SR, Steer PA, Flenady VJ, Gray PH, Shearman A. Caffeine citrate treatment for extremely premature infants with apnea: population pharmacokinetics, absolute bioavailability, and implications for therapeutic drug monitoring. Ther Drug Monit. 2008 Dec;30(6):709–16.

256. Steer P, Flenady V, Shearman A, Charles B, Gray PH, Henderson-Smart D, et al. High dose caffeine citrate for extubation of preterm infants: a randomised controlled trial. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2004 Nov;89(6):F499-503.

257. Mohammed S, Nour I, Shabaan AE, Shouman B, Abdel-Hady H, Nasef N. High versus low-dose caffeine for apnea of prematurity: a randomized controlled trial. Eur J Pediatr. 2015 Jul;174(7):949–56.

258. Skouroliakou M, Bacopoulou F, Markantonis SL. Caffeine versus theophylline for apnea of prematurity: a randomised controlled trial. J Paediatr Child Health. 2009 Oct;45(10):587–92.

259. Benitz WE, COMMITTEE ON FETUS AND NEWBORN. Patent Ductus Arteriosus in Preterm Infants. Pediatrics. 2016 Jan;137(1):1–6.

260. Schmidt B, Davis P, Moddemann D, Ohlsson A, Roberts RS, Saigal S, et al. Long- term effects of indomethacin prophylaxis in extremely-low-birth-weight infants. N Engl J Med. 2001 Jun 28;344(26):1966–72.

261. Ohlsson A, Shah SS. Ibuprofen for the prevention of patent ductus arteriosus in preterm and/or low birth weight infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;(7):CD004213.

262. Fowlie PW, Davis PG, McGuire W. Prophylactic intravenous indomethacin for preventing mortality and morbidity in preterm infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;(7):CD000174.

263. Stewart A, Brion LP, Soll R. Diuretics for respiratory distress syndrome in preterm infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;(12):CD001454.

264. De Buyst J, Rakza T, Pennaforte T, Johansson A-B, Storme L. Hemodynamic effects of fluid restriction in preterm infants with significant patent ductus arteriosus. J Pediatr. 2012 Sep;161(3):404–8.

265. Nayeri FS, Esmaeilnia Shirvani T, Aminnezhad M, Amini E, Dalili H, Moghimpour Bijani F. Comparison of INSURE method with conventional mechanical ventilation after surfactant administration in preterm infants with respiratory distress syndrome: therapeutic challenge. Acta Med Iran. 2014;52(8):596–600.

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268. Rozé J-C, Cambonie G, Marchand-Martin L, Gournay V, Durrmeyer X, Durox M, et al. Association Between Early Screening for Patent Ductus Arteriosus and In-Hospital Mortality Among Extremely Preterm Infants. JAMA. 2015 Jun 23;313(24):2441–8.

269. Thankavel PP,  Rosenfeld CR,  Christie L,  Ramaciotti C.  Early  echocardiographic prediction of ductal closure in neonates ≤ 30 weeks gestation. J Perinatol Off J Calif Perinat Assoc. 2013 Jan;33(1):45–51.

270. National Collaborating Centre for Women’s and Children’s Health (UK). Antibiotics for Early-Onset Neonatal Infection: Antibiotics for the Prevention and Treatment of Early-Onset Neonatal Infection [Internet]. London: RCOG Press; 2012 [cited 2016 Mar 20]. (National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence: Guidance). 

271. Caffrey Osvald E, Prentice P. NICE clinical guideline: antibiotics for the prevention and treatment of early-onset neonatal infection. Arch Dis Child Educ Pract Ed. 2014 Jun;99(3):98–100.

272. Clifford V, Garland SM, Grimwood K. Prevention of neonatal group B streptococcus disease in the 21st century. J Paediatr Child Health. 2012 Sep;48(9):808–15.

273. Brady MT, Polin RA. Prevention and management of infants with suspected or proven neonatal sepsis. Pediatrics. 2013 Jul;132(1):166–8.

274. Polin RA, Committee on Fetus and Newborn. Management of neonates with suspected or proven early-onset bacterial sepsis. Pediatrics. 2012 May;129(5):1006–15.

275. Tagare A, Kadam S, Vaidya U, Pandit A. Routine antibiotic use in preterm neonates: a randomised controlled trial. J Hosp Infect. 2010 Apr;74(4):332–6.

276. Stocker M, Berger C, McDougall J, Giannoni E, Taskforce for the Swiss Society of Neonatology and the Paediatric Infectious Disease Group of Switzerland. Recommendations for term and late preterm infants at risk for perinatal bacterial infection. Swiss Med Wkly. 2013;143:w13873.

277. Tzialla C, Borghesi A, Longo S, Stronati M. Which is the optimal algorithm for the prevention of neonatal early-onset group B streptococcus sepsis? Early Hum Dev. 2014 Mar;90 Suppl 1:S35-38.

278. Verani JR, McGee L, Schrag SJ, Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Prevention of perinatal group B streptococcal disease--revised guidelines from CDC, 2010. MMWR Recomm Rep Morb Mortal Wkly Rep Recomm Rep Cent Dis Control. 2010 Nov 19;59(RR-10):1–36.

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282. Cotten CM, Smith PB. Duration of empirical antibiotic therapy for infants suspected of early-onset sepsis. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2013 Apr;25(2):167–71.

283. Kuppala VS, Meinzen-Derr J, Morrow AL, Schibler KR. Prolonged initial empirical antibiotic treatment is associated with adverse outcomes in premature infants. J Pediatr. 2011 Nov;159(5):720–5.

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Sünnid 2011–2015

Allikas: Tervise Arengu Instituudi Eesti meditsiiniline sünniregister (tai.ee)
 

Enneaegsete sünnituste arv haiglate kaupa 2011–2015

Allikas: Tervise Arengu Instituudi Eesti meditsiiniline sünniregister (tai.ee)
 

Väga enneaegsete sünnituste (22+0–31+6 GN-i ) arv haiglate kaupa 2011–2015

Allikas: Tervise Arengu Instituudi Eesti meditsiiniline sünniregister (tai.ee)

Perinataalne suremus 2011–2015

Allikas: Tervise Arengu Instituudi Eesti meditsiiniline sünniregister (tai.ee)
 

Perinataalne suremus sünnikaalu järgi 2011–2015*

* Ei ole arvestatud teadmata sünnikaaluga lapsi.

Allikas: Tervise Arengu Instituudi Eesti meditsiiniline sünniregister (tai.ee)
 

Varane neonataalsuremuskordaja 1000 elussünni kohta haigla tüübi järgi 2011–2015

Allikas: Tervise Arengu Instituudi Eesti meditsiiniline sünniregister (tai.ee)

Lühendid/selgitused: GBS (ingl group B streptococcus) – B-grupi streptokokk; GKS – glükokortikosteroid; GN – gestatsiooninädal ehk rasedusnädal

Kaltsiumikanali blokaator (nifedipiin)

 Heksoprenaliin

Oksütotsiiniretseptori antagonist (atosibaan)

Tsüklooksügenaasi inhibiitorid (indometatsiin)

Enneaegse vastsündinu hüpotensiooni raviks kasutatavad ravimid (14)

 
 
a     Kehakaalu kilogrammi kohta päevas kõikide ühikute kohta. Kasutada võimalikult täpset kaalu, v.a esimestel elupäevadel, mil kasutada sünnikaalu, kuni sünnikaal on saavutatud ja ületatud.
b     Elupäev 0 all mõistetakse sündimise kuupäeva, s.t sünnist kuni järgmise päeva hommikuni. Soovitus kehtib terve päeva kohta ning tuleb individuaalselt kohandada
vastavalt lapse sünniajale.
c     Enneaegne laps peaks saama täisannuses toitaineid 4. elupäevaks (veel vähese
vedelikupiiranguga). Selle tulba soovitused on ligikaudsed ja põhinevad 50% enteraalsel ja 50% parenteraalsel toitmisel. Täpne eesmärk (mida tuleb individuaalselt arvestada) sõltub parenteraalse ja enteraalse toitmise vahekorrast, näiteks parenteraalse toitmise suurema mahu korral on eesmärkväärtused väiksemad.
d     Soovitatav pakkumine täielikul enteraalsel toitmisel (ET).
e     Soovitatav pakkumine täielikul pareneteraalsel toitmisel (PT).

Vastsündinu varajase algusega infektsiooni riskitegurid​

Kliinilised sümptomid vastsündinu võimaliku varajase infektsiooni korral

Empiirilise antibakteriaalse ravi annused (NEOFAXÒ)

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